el-stu

Complement the acquired knowledge  in grammar, conjugation and vocabulary during the
first semester.

le cours est désigné aux étudiants de la première année GAT 
ou le principale objective est d'aider et initier les étudiants a la langue française 

Semestre : 2

Unité d’enseignement : decouvert

Matière  : computer science 2

VHS : 22h30 (on line Course: 1h30)

Crédits :

Coefficient :

Mode of evaluation : exam 100%

English is among the most crucial languages that paves the way for students to discover all the recent data in territorial planning and this can gained throught english grammar ,that offers pecision in  speaking and writing.

Soil mechanics is a branch of civil engineering that studies the behavior of unconsolidated soils (clays, sands, gravels, etc.) in order to design and ensure the safety of foundations for structures such as buildings, roads, bridges, or dams. It focuses on compressible soils and excludes rocks, which are studied in rock mechanics.

Soil mechanics is essential to ensure the stability and safety of civil engineering structures. Without it, foundations could fail, leading to collapses or landslides.

La mécanique des sols constitue une discipline du génie civil dédiée à l’analyse du comportement des terrains meubles (argiles, sables, graves, etc.). Elle permet de concevoir et de garantir la stabilité des fondations des ouvrages tels que les bâtiments, routes, ponts ou barrages. Son champ d’étude se limite aux sols compressibles, tandis que l’examen des roches relève de la mécanique des roches. 

La mécanique des sols est essentielle pour garantir la stabilité et la sécurité des ouvrages de génie civil. Sans elle, les fondations risqueraient de céder, entraînant des effondrements ou des glissements de terrain.

     The course Regions and Globalization aims to equip undergraduate students with a comprehensive understanding of the structural transformations affecting the concept of the region in the context of globalization and contemporary technological and economic developments. It seeks to analyze the dynamics of territorial restructuring through the lenses of networks, competitiveness, and integration into the global economy.

     The course further examines the relationship between globalization and the spatial redistribution of economic activities and resources, highlighting the emergence of new territorial disparities. 

     Ultimately, the course provides students with analytical and prospective tools to critically interpret contemporary spatial transformations and to relate them to key issues in urban planning and sustainable development, thereby strengthening their capacity for informed and methodologically grounded professional intervention.

This course, which is aimed primarily at undergraduate students, attempts to renew the approach to risks. It covers various topics including natural, industrial and technological hazards (earthquake, flood, forest fire, pollution...) or by type of space (mountains, cities, developed countries, developing countries...) for the benefit of a synthetic and dynamic approach, a reflection on the evolution of risk in geography.

The objective is to provide readers, in addition to the acquisition of essential knowledge, with a critical approach to risks to better approach the reading of scientific articles.

For this purpose, a large place is given to vulnerabilities (often less treated in manuals than hazards), sources and databases increasingly accessible free of charge on the Internet, management methods and games of actors, all this is illustrated largely by maps, graphs and tables. A number of emerging reflections in the field of risks are analyzed.

This course begins with an update on the key concepts essential to understanding the geography of risks (hazard, vulnerability, risk, disaster, resilience...).

At the intersection between hazards and vulnerabilities, the question of the relationship to territory and time is also raised to clarify how risk has become in recent years a major theme of geography.

In the first part of this course, we discuss tectonic and morphodynamic hazards (earthquakes and tsunamis, landslides...) as well as hydro-climatic hazards (floods, forest fires, drought...).

The second deals with hazards of anthropogenic origin such as biological hazard, pollution, industrial accidents and transportation of dangerous goods.

The last part, more synthetic, shows how the geography of risks is explained at the regional level, in particular by the differences in vulnerabilities and levels of intervention especially in Algeria. These vulnerabilities are complex to understand because they also depend on differences in perception (disaster victims, local elected officials, experts, insurers...) without forgetting the consideration of the political will to manage risks in the planning of the territory, which may face administrative complexity. For the sake of clarity and pedagogy, the argumentation of some cases is based on examples chosen all over the world and taken from specialized bibliography. 

This course is taught and graded by a final exam over thirrteen (13) weeks. Students interested in this content are invited to complete this course with individual readings or consult the references cited (books, handouts, website). 

This module provides a comprehensive exploration of the ethical challenges and professional responsibilities inherent in public and private administration. The curriculum is divided into three core pillars:

1. The Anatomy of Corruption The course begins by defining corruption through religious, moral, and secular lenses. It categorizes the "virus" of corruption into its financial, administrative, and political forms. Students will identify specific manifestations that plague the professional worl such as nepotism, favoritism, and influence peddling and analyze the administrative deviations (like time-theft and negligence) that erode public trust.

2. Socio-Economic Impact and Root Causes Moving beyond definitions, the course analyzes why corruption persists. We examine theories ranging from structural and economic pressures to complex social and biological factors. Students will evaluate the devastating effects of these practices on economic development, social equity, and the political stability of a nation.

3. The Global and National Response The final section focuses on the "cure." It reviews the role of international bodies like Transparency International and the United Nations, alongside Algeria’s legislative framework (Law 06-01). By studying successful anti-corruption models from countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, students will learn how transparency, digitalization of geodata, and strict legal enforcement can transform an institution.

La cartographie assistée par ordinateur via SIG permet de réaliser efficacement les plans de gestion des risques comme PER (Plan d'Exposition des Risques) et PPR (Plan de Prévention des Risques), en automatisant zonage, analyses spatiales et visualisations interactives.